Constitutional - Revision

 

 LC 0601 Constitutional Law I  

Module 01 Making of the Constitution :

    - Cabinet mission plan

    - Mountbatten plan

    - Independence Act

Module 02  Basic Concepts, Preamble, Territory of India and Citizenship 

    - Constitutional law and Constitutionalism

    - Salient features

    - Preamble

    - Citizenship Art. 5-11

Module 03  General Principles Relating to Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 and 13) :

    - Doctrine of Severability 

    - Doctrine of Eclipse

    - Doctrine of waiver

Module 04  Right to Equality (Articles 14 to 18) :

    - Art. 14-18

Module 05  Right to Freedom I (Article 19) :

    - Art. 19(1)(a), 19(1)(g), 2

Module 06 Right to Freedom II (Articles 20 to 22) 

    - Protection in respect of conviction for offences 

    - Right to life and personal liberty

Module 07  Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 and 24) :

    - Art. 23-24

Module 08 Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 to 28) 

    - Art. 25-28

Module 09 Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 to 30) :

    - Right of minority to establish educational institution

Module  10 Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32 to 35)

    - Art. 32 & 226

    - Public interest litigation

Module 11 Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36 to 51) and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

    - Art. 51(A)

Module 12 Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368)

    - Art. 368

    

Articles.                      Subject matter

Citizenship Act 1955    Provisions under the constitution of india

(Article 5 to 11)           

 A.    Citizen by domicile

        Article 5- Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution

B.    Citizen by migration

        Article 6-Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to india from Pakistan

        Article 7- Right of citizenship of certain migrants to pakistan

C.    Citizen by registration

        Article 8- Rights of citizenship of certain persons Of india origin, residing outside india

D.    Other constitutional provisions

        Article 9- persons voluntarily acquining citizenship of a foreign state, not to be citizen

        Article 10- Continuance of the rights of citizenship

        Article 11- parliament to regulate the right citizenship by law

PART -III    FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS(Article 12-35)

    Article 12.Definition of state

    Article 13 Laws inconsistent with fundamental rights

Right To Equality ( Article 14-18)

    Article 14.           Equality before law & Equal protection of law

                The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”

    Air india vs Nargesh meerza, 

    Mithu v State of Punjab,                                     

    NLSA Vs Union of india,(Transgender)                              

    Indian young's lawyer association vs state of kerala,sabarimala temple(Menstruating years)   

   Maneka gandhi vs union of india

    Article 15.  Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

        15(1)The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on ground only religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them

        15(2) shop ghat

        15(3) special provision for woman & children 

        15(4) SEBC & sc st 1 st amendment

        15(5) SEBC & sc st 93 am educational institutions

        15(6) ews 103 am 10% Obc 27 %

        State of madras vs Champakan dorairajan

        Mr balaji vs state of mysore

        State of u.p vs pravin tandon

        Obc 27% sc15% st7% open 50.5%

        

      Article 16.  Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

    Article 17     Abolition of untouchability & Prohibition of its practice.

        Untouchability (offences) act -1955

        Protection of civil rights act-1955

        500 rs or 6 month impri or both NC

        PUDR VS UOI 

Article 17 available against private individuals too

Article 18    Abolition of titles except militory and academic.

    बालाजी राघवण vs UOI

Right To Freedom ( Article 19-22)

Article 19.           Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech & expression, assembly, association, movement,residence,profession.

19(1)(a)-Right to freedom of speech and expression

    -scope of freedom of speech & expression

    Freedom of the press

    Right to know & obtain information

    Right to know antecedents of the candidate at the election

    Right to reply

    Right to silence

    Right to fly the national flag

    Romesh thappar vs state of madras

    19(2) Reasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of speech & expression

        1) Sovereignity & integrity of india

        2) Security of the state

        3) Contempt of court

        4) Defamation

        5) Friendly relations with foreign state

        6) incitement (Abetment)to an offence

        7) public order,decency or morality

    19(1)(b)-Right to assemble peaceably & without arm

    19(3) Reasonable restrictions on the right to assemble peaceably & without arm

        1) in the interest of the sovereignity & integrity of india

        2) in the interest if the public order

        Himmat lal vs police commissioner of bombay

    19(1)(c)-Right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies

     19(4) Reasonable restrictions on the right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies

        1) in the interest of the sovereignity & integrity of india

        2) in the interest if the public order or morality

        Damyanti vs union of india

    19(1)(d)-Right to move freely throughout the territory of india.

     19(5) Reasonable restrictions on the right to move freely throughout the territory of india

        1) in the interest of the general public 

        2) for the protection of the interest of any schedule tribe

        Chambara soy vs union of india

        A.k gopalan vs state of madras

        

    19(1)(e)-Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of india

        Reasonable restrictions on the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of india

        1) in the interest of the general public 

        2) for the protection of the interest of any schedule tribe

        19(1)(g)-Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation,trade or business

   19(6) Reasonable restrictions on the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation,trade or business

        1)By imposing reasonable restrictions in the interest of general public

        2)By state monopoly

        Vishaka vs state of Rajasthan

Article 20.           Protection in respect of conviction for offences.

    20(1) Ex-post facto law 

    kedarnath va state of west bengal

    Ratanlal vs state of punjab

    20(2) Double Jeopardy 

    Thomas das vs state of punjab

    maqbool hussain vs state of bombay

    Sea custom authority & foreign exchange regulation act 

    20(3)Right against Self Incrimination

    Yusufali vs state of Maharashtra

    State vs m krishna mohan

Article 21.           Protection in respect of life and personal liberty

    Article 21 declares that no person shall be deprived of his life of personal liberty except according to procedure established by law

    A.k gopalan vs state of madras

    Maneka ghandi vs union of india

    Kharak singh vs state of punjab

    21 A.        Right to elementary education 06-14 Yr

    

Article 22           Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

    Punitive detention

    Preventive detention

    A.k gopalan vs state of madras

    Right Agaist Exploitation ( Article 23-24)

Article 23.         Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

    1    Selling & buying men,women,children like goods

    2    Immora traffick in women and children including prostitution

    3    devadasis

    4    slavery

    PUDR vs Union of india

    Gaurav jain vs Union of india

Article 24.        Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

    PUDR vs Union of india

    M.c mehta vs state of tamilnadu

Right To Freedom Of Religion ( Article 25-28)

Article 25.       Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

    Article 25 says all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

    a)    Freedom of conscience

    b)    Right to profess

    c)    Right to practice

    d)    Right to propagate

    Sikh-wearing & carrying kirpans

    Hindu-Sikhs Jains Buddhists.

Article 26.       Freedom of manage religious affairs

    Hand

Article 27.       Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion

    

Article 28.       Freedom from attending religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

    a) institutions wholly maintained by the state

    Religious institutions is completely prohibited

    b) institutions administreted by the state but established under any trust

    Religious institutions is permitted

    c) institutions recognised by the state

    d) institutions receiving aid from the state

    c&d religious institutions is permitted on a voluntary basis

Cultural & Educational Right ( Article 29-30) Religious minorities- linguistic minorities

Article 29.       Protection of language script and culture of minorities

    Article 29 provides that any citizen residing in any part of india having a different language,script or culture shall have the same right.further,no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the state or receiving aid from state on ground of religion,race,caste,& language.

    Article 29 applies to minorities as well as majorities

Article 30.       Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

    Minority educational institutions are of three types

    a) institutions that seek recognition as well as aid from the state

    b) institutions that seek only recognition from the state and not aid

    c)institutions that neither seek recognition not aid from the state

Right To Constitutional Remedies ( Article 32-35)

Article 32.     Right to move the supreme court for the enforcement of fundamental rights including the writs to.(bookstawa) Supreme court ruled the article 32 is a basic feature of the constitution hence it can not taken away even by the way of amendment to the constitution

(Power of supreme courts to issue certain writs)

    1)Habeas corpus-to have the body 

    Issue against- Public authority & private individuals.

    You can not use a writ of habeus corpus in the following 4 condition

    -Detention is lawful 

    -Contempt of court

    -Detention is outside of the jurisdiction of the court

    -Detention is by a competent court

    -case law rudul sha vs state of bihar

    2)Mandamus-we command

    Issue against- Public official to perform public duty

     You can not issue a writ of mandamus against

     Private individuals governor president cji 

     Case law-Gujrat state financial corporation vs lotus hotel

 

    3)Prohibition-to forbid

    Issue higher court to lower court

    To order some one to not to do something

    The writ of Prohibition can be issued only against judicial or quasi judical authority

    You can not issue a writ of Prohibition against    

    Legislative body and private individuals.

    4)Certiorai-to be certified

    Issue higher court to lower court

    You can not issue a writ of certiorari against

    Legislative body and private individuals.

    5)Quo-Warrento-by what authority/warrant

    Issue against- Public officer

    You can not issue a writ of Quo-warranto against

    Ministerial and private officer

Article 33.Armed forces & F.R

Article 34 Martial law & F.R

Article 51A           Fundamental duties

    Original constitution contained only the F.r and not F.d.

    In 1976 congress party set up the sardar swaran singh committee.

    Suggest 8 F D

    42 nd constitution amendment act in 1976

    Added new part namely IVA to the constitution

    This new part consists of only one article that is,Article 51 A.

    First time specified ten (10) F.d

    86 th constitution amendment act In 2002 

    Added one more F.d

    Now Currently there are 11 F.d

    A-1 To respect national flag & national anthem

    B-2 Follow ideals of the freedom struggle

    C-3 Protect sovereignty unity & integrity of india

    D-4 Defend the country & render national service when called upon

    E-5 Sprit of common brotherhood

    F-6 Preserve Composite Culture

    G-7 To protect & improve the natural environment including forest's lake's river's & wildlife

    H-8 To develop Scientific temper

    I-9 Safeguard public property

    J-10 Strive for excellence

    K-11 To provide opportunities for education to a child or ward between the age of 6 to 14 years

Doctrine of Eclipse

    According to doctrine of eclipse pre-constitutional law inconsistent with the fundamental rights are not void ab initio but only remains unenforceable.

    Not declare null & void but keeping that law should be in a sleeping or dormant position for sometimes.

    It is not totally dead but overshadowed by f.r

    The doctrine of eclipse declares f.r as prospective in nature

    Doctrine of eclipse applies to all laws pre-constitutional as well as post-constitutional.

    Bhikaji vs state of m.p

    State of bombay vs f.n balsara

Salient features of the constitution

    1)Lengthiest written constitution

    2)Drawn from various sources

    3)Blend of Rigidity and flexibility

    4)Federal system with unitary bias

    5) Parliamentary form of government

    6) synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy

    7) integrated and independent judiciary

    8) fundamental right

    9) Directive principles of state policy

    10) fundamental duties

    11) A secular state

    12) universal adult franchise

    13) single citizenship

    14) independent bodies

    15) emergency provisions

    16) Three-tier government

    17) Co-operative Societies

Citizenship act 1955

    Acquisition of cotizenship(NRI BDS)

    1.By Birth

    2.By Descent

    3 By Registration

    4 By Naturalisation

    5 By Incorporation of Territory

    6 Special provisions as to citizenship of person covered by the assam accord

Loss of citizenship (RTD)

    1 By Renunciation

    2 By Termination 

    3 By Deprivation

Non fundamental rights

    Legal right

    Constitutional right

    Statutory right

    Customary right