Saturday, 26 February 2022
Tuesday, 22 February 2022
Syllabus LO 0509 Intellectual Property Rights I
LO 0509 Intellectual Property Rights I :
Objectives of the Course : Intellectual Property has acquired tremendous role in the present technology driven economy throughout the world. The significant factors that contribute for the development of International Law of Intellectual Property Rights are expansion of voluminous trade; increasing interdependence of international commerce; the development of science and technology and the flow of communication. Due to the vastness of the subject it has been divided into two courses. Course-I gives a subtle back ground to the international perspective in a nutshell while the application of it in the National Regime is placed in course – II in a subtle manner. This course is designed with intend to familiarize the students with
Concept, nature, characteristics and internationalization of Intellectual Property. It also involves the study of important international instruments in the field of Intellectual Property with more emphasis on TRIPS agreement and the current issues.
Module 01 Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights :
1. Definition, Concept and Nature of Intellectual Property, Theories of Intellectual Property, Distinction between Intellectual Property and other tangible and intangible properties, Non-rivalrous nature of Intellectual Property, Kinds of Intellectual Property
2. Need for Protecting Intellectual Property- Policy Consideration, Importance of Intellectual Property in the present era, Monopoly v. Public Interest
3. Origin and Development of Intellectual Property, Internationalization of Intellectual Property Rights
4. Pre-TRIPS Scenario, Formulation of TRIPS, Basic Principles and Objectives of TRIPS,TRIPS and WIPO-WTO Cooperation, Transfer of Technology and TRIPS, The TRIPS Agenda, Critique of TRIPS
5. The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, History, features and General Provisions
Module 02 Law of Copyright and Neighboring Rights :
1. Meaning and definition of Copyright, Neighboring rights (Related rights) and Secondary Rights
2. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works History, General Provisions, Developing Countries and the Berne Convention.
3. TRIPS provisions related to protection of Copyright.
4. Protection of technology-based works (such as computer programs and electronic databases), Secondary rights, Broadcasting rights
Module 03 Patent Law :
1. Meaning, Concept and Nature of Patent
2. The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), History, Objectives of the PCT, Functioning of the PCT System, Advantages of the PCT System
3. Patent law harmonisation under TRIPS Agreement – Patentable subject Matter, Patentability Crieteria, Non-Patentable inventions, Exceptions to Patent Rights, Compulsory Licences, Local working condition, Importation of patented goods, etc.
4. The Doha Ministerial Conference 2001
5. Introduction to the Budapest Treaty
6. Doctrine of Equivalents, Public dedication Rule, Patent Exhaustion, Patent Misuse, Enforceability of Patent Rights
Module 04 Law of Trade Marks :
1. Meaning and Nature of Trade Marks, Kinds of Marks, Well Known Marks
2. The Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, Objectives, the Madrid System, Basic Features, Advantages of the System 3. Trademarks and the TRIPS Agreement
Module 05 Protection of Industrial Designs :
1. Meaning and definition of Industrial Designs
2. Industrial Designs Vs. Copyright
3. Introduction to the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs, Benefits of Accession to the Hague Agreement
4. Protection of Industrial Designs under TRIPS
Module 06 Conventions and Treaties relating to other Intellectual Properties :
1. Definition and Concept of Geographical Indications, Layout Designs, Trade Secret, Plant Varieties, etc.
2. Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin
3. Protection of Geographical Indications, Layout Designs and Trade Secret under the TRIPS Agreement
4. The UPOV Convention
Module 07 Current IP Issues :
1. Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing
2. Intellectual Property and Human Rights
3. Protection of the rights of indigenous people
4. IP protection and its impact on right to food security and public health
5. Environmental Protection and Intellectual Property
6. Protection of Bio-diversity and Traditional Knowledge - Economic, Social, Cultural and Ethical Dimensions
Recommended Readings :
1. Kamil Idris, Intellectual Property: A Power tool for Economic Growth, WIPO.
2. Tzen Wong and Graham Dutfeild, Intellectual Property and Human Development – Current Trends and Future Scinarios, Cambridge Press.
3. UNCTAD-ICTSD. (2005). Resource Book on TRIPS and Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. William Cornish and David LLewelyn, Intellectual Property : Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks, and Allied Rights. London: Sweet and Maxwell.
5. Carlos Correa, Implementing TRIPS in developing countries. Third World Network.
6. Catherine Colston, Principles of Intellectual Property Law. London: Cavindish Publishing Ltd.
7. Choudhary D. N., Evolution of patent Laws. New Delhi: Capital Law House.
8. Epstein M A, Epstein on Intellectual Property (Indian Reprint). New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business.
9. Feroz Ali Khader, The Law of Patents - With a special focus on Pharmaceuticals in India, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur.
10. Ganguli Prabuddha, Intellectual Property Rights - Unleasing the Knowledge Economy. New Delhi: Tata McGrawh-hill Publishing Company Ltd.
11. Gopalkrishnan N S, and Agitha T G, Principles of Intellectual property. Luckhnow: Estern Book Company.
12. Gregory Stobbs, Software Patents Worldwide, Wolters Kluwer.
13. Jayshree Watal, Intellectual Property in WTO and Developing Countries. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
14. Michael Blakeney, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: A concise Guide to the TRIPS Agreement.
15. Parmeswaran Narayanan, Intellectual Property Law, Eastern Law House.
16. Rao M B and Guru M, Understanding Trips Managing Knowledge in Developing Countries. New Delhi: Response Books
17. Robert Merges andJohn Duffy, Patent Law and Policy: Cases and Materials, 2017.
Monday, 21 February 2022
Syllabus LO 0508 Agricultural Marketing Law
LO 0508 Agricultural Marketing Law :
Objectives of the Course : The livelihood of majority of the country’s population depends on agriculture. About 65 percent of the population depends on the agriculture and 70 percent live in the villages. The contribution of Indian agriculture to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is also significant. The food being the crowning need of mankind, much emphasis has been made on commercializing agricultural production. In this era of globalisation adequate production, warehousing, distribution, marketing and export of agricultural produce has become a high priority. Agricultural marketing is mainly the buying and selling of agricultural products. The protection of farmers rights is also equally important. The objective of the course is to make the students well acquainted with the knowledge of law with respect to these matters.
Module 01 Basic Concepts of Agricultural Marketing and Model Act :
1. Concept of Agricultural Marketing and Market
2. Classification of Markets, Types of Marketing
3. Background, Objects and Reasons and Salient Features of the Model Act on the State Agricultural Produce Marketing (The State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2016)
Module 02 The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 1963 :
1. Objects, Application and Definitions under the Act
2. Establishment of National Integrated Produce Market
3. Direct Marketing, Establishment of Private Market and Farmer - Consumer Market
4. Contract Farming Agreement
5. Marketing of Agricultural Produce
6. Constitution of Market Committees
7. Powers and Duties of Market Committee
8. Cost of Supervision
9. Officers and Servants of Market committee
10. Market fund
11. Trade Allowances Prohibited
12. State Agricultural Marketing Board
13. Control of Market committee
14. Penalties for Contravention of Provisions under the Act
Module 03 Legislation on Warehousing, Food Product Export, Grading and Marketing - Introduction, Objects and Reasons and Salient Features of the Laws :
1. The Warehousing Corporations Act, 1962
2. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 1985
3. The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act,1937
Module 04 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 :
1. Objects and Definitions under the Act
2. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority and Registry
3. Registration of Plant Varieties and Essentially Derived Variety
4. Duration and Effect of Registration and Benefit Sharing
5. Surrender and Revocation of Certificate and Rectification and Correction of Register
6. Farmers’ Rights
7. Compulsory License
8. Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal
Module 05 Relevant Provisions under the National Food Securities Act, 2013 :
1. Midday Meal Scheme (MMS)
2. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
3. Public Distribution Systems (PDS), etc.
Module 06 Agricultural Insurance in India – an Overview :
1. Characteristic Features of Indian Agriculture and Farmers’ Community
2. Risk Perceptions of Indian Farmers
3. Unified Package Insurance Scheme :
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
4. Past Experience with Crop Insurance Schemes in India :
Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme(CCIS)
Experimental Crop Insurance (ECI)
Farm Income Insurance Scheme FIIS
National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS)
Recommended Readings :
1. Dr. C.S. Prasad: Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India, New Century Publications, New Delhi, India 2012.
2. A.K. Thaur and M.K. Sinha (ed.) : Structural Reforms and Agriculture, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. 2011.
3. Rais Ahamd : Co-operative and Rural Development in India, New Century Publications, New Delhi, India 2013.
4. Law of Seeds (Acts, Rules, Orders, Policy, Notifications, Varieties, Export and Import of Seeds etc.), 16th ed., Asia New House, 2012.
5. S.S China : Agricultural Labour-Problems and Policy Implications, Regal Publications, New Delhi.
6. Sudip Chakraborty : Food Security and Child Labour, Deep and Deep Publications PVT LTD. 2011.
7. Asian Development Bank : Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development, Oxford University Press, 2010.
8. D. Narasimha Reddy and Srijit Mishra (ed) : Agrarian Crisis in India, Oxford University Press, 2010.
9. Dr. B.K Mohanty: Agricultural Finance and Rural Development, Regal Publications, New Delhi, 2010.
10. R. Datt and K.P.M Sundharm : Indian Economics, S. Chand, New Delhi, 2009.
11. Myneni : Indian Economics (For Law Course), Allahabad Law Agency, 2006.
12. B.B Mukharji : Agricultural Marketing in India, Thacker, Spink 1930.
Sunday, 20 February 2022
Syllabus LO 0507 Criminal Psychology and Criminal Sociology :
LO 0507 Criminal Psychology and Criminal Sociology :
Module 01 Crime, Criminal and Criminology :
1. What is crime? Who is the criminal?2. What is Criminology?3. Schools of Criminology -
a) The Pre-Classical Schoolb) The Classical Schoolc) Neo-Classical Schoold) Positivist Approach - Radical Positivism and Liberal Positivism
• Cesare Lombroso• Enrico Ferri• Raffaele Garofalo• Gabrial Tarde
Module 02 Psychology and Crime :
1. Meaning, purpose and scope of criminal psychology2. Psychological vs. Psycho - analytical approach to crime3. Behaviourist approach to crime4. Definition of criminal Behaviour - Psychodynamics of criminal Behaviour.5. Mental illness and crime6. Human aggression and violence to crime
Module 03 Psychometric Test - Its use in Criminal Behaviour :
1. Measurement of criminal Behaviour - Psychological test to measure criminal Behaviour2. Criminal profiling: Definition and process of profiling criminal personality3. Factors underling criminal profiling4. Merit and demerit of criminal profiling
Module 04 Forensic Psychology - Concept and Importance :
1. Definition, meaning and scope of forensic psychology2. Historical background of forensic psychology in India and abroad3. Role of forensic psychology in the investigation of crime4. Psychology and the police5. Application of psychology in court6. Application of psychology in prison
Module 05 Sociological Theories - Crime and Social Structure :
1. Social structure theory2. Social disorganization theory3. Merton, anomie and strain
Module 06 Subcultural Theories :
1. Cohen’s theory of the delinquent subculture2. Miller’s lower class gang delinquency
Module 07 Crime and Social Process :
1. Socialization and Crime - Differential association theory2. Differential reinforcement theory3. Neutralization and rift theory4. Hirsch’s Social Control or Social Bond Theory5. Becker’s Labelling theory6. Self-Control and Self Esteem as related to crime
Recommended Readings :
1. Akers, Ronald.L. and Sellers, Christin, S. (2004) Criminological Theories (4th Edition) Rawat Publication, New Delhi.2. Void, George B., Benard Thomas J., and Snipes, Jeffrey B. (2002), Theoretical Criminology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.3. Siegel, L.J (2003) Criminology, (8th Edition) Wadsworth, USA.4. Schmalleger Frank, Criminology Today, (1996) Prentice Hall, New Jersey.5. Dennis Howitt, 2002, Forensic and Criminal Psychology, Prentice Hall.6. Encyclopedia of Criminal and Deviant Behaviour, 2001, Cliffon D. Pryart, Editor-in Chief, Burunner Routledge Taylor and Frances Group.7. Bartal, Curt R, 1999, Criminal Behaviour: A Psychosocial Approach, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, New Delhi.8. Hollin, Clive R Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989, Psychology and Crime: An introduction to Criminal Psychology, London.9. Dartmouth Aldershot, 1987, Criminal Detection and Psychology of Crime.10. Harvard LPC Forensic Psychology, 1981, Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Surrey, Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd. London.11. Adman Raine, 1983, The Psychopathology of Crime, Criminal Disorder, Academic Press, Inc.12. Navin Kumar, (2015), Criminal Psychology, LexisNexis, New Delhi.13. Shukla Girjesh, (2013), Criminology, LexisNexis, New Delhi.14. McLaughlin Eugene and Newburn Tim (Ed) (2010), the Sage Handbook of Criminological Theory, Sage Publication Ltd, New Delhi.15. Prof. N.V. Paranjape, Criminology and Penology With Victiomology, Central Law Publications.16. S.M.A. Quadri, Criminology And Penology, Eastern Book Company.17. Dr. Krishna Pal Malik, Penology , Victimology And Correctional Administration In India, Allahabad Law Agency.18. J.P. Sirohi, Criminology And Criminal Administration, Allahabad Law Agency.
Saturday, 19 February 2022
Syllabus LO 0506 Equity and Trust Law
LO 0506 Equity and Trust Law :
Objectives of the Course : Trust being an obligation connected with property, the law has to play a key role in protecting interests of persons for whose benefit trust is created and for balancing the rights and duties of persons connected with trust transactions. There are also instances where even in the absence of specific trust, law has to protect the beneficial interests of persons on equitable considerations. Trusts may also be created for public purposes of charitable and religious nature. The existing laws in respect of trusts, equitable and fiduciary relations connected with property are to be taught in detail. The objectives of the course are to enable the students to acquire knowledge of law on private and public trust and also the principles of equity.
Part I The Indian Trusts Act, 1882 :
Module 01 Introduction to Private Trust :
1. Objects, Basic Concepts, Kinds of Trusts
2. Private trust and Public trust
3. Comparison of Trust with other relationships - Trust and Ownership, Trust and Bailment, Trust and Agency, Trust and Contract, Trust and Equitable
Charge, Trust and Mortgage, Trust and Administration
Module 02 General Principles :
1. Creation of Trusts
2. Appointment of Trustees
3. Vacating the Office of Trustee
4. Extinction of Trusts
Module 03 Regulation of Relationship Between Trustee and Beneficiary :
1. Duties and Liabilities of Trustees
2. Rights and Powers of Trustees
3. Disabilities of Trustees
4. Rights and Liabilities of the Beneficiary
5. Certain Obligations in the Nature of Trusts
6. Fiduciary Relationship - Meaning, Express and Constructive Trusts, Application of the Principle of fiduciary Relations and Exceptions.
Part II The Maharashtra Public Trusts Act, 1950 :
Module 04 Introduction to Public Trust :
1. Objects, Application, Basic Concepts / Definitions, and Kinds of Trusts
2. Establishment
3. Charitable Purposes and Validity of Certain Public Trusts
4. Registration of Public Trusts
5. Change Reports
6. Framing of Schemes
Module 05 Supervision and Control of Public Trusts :
1. Budget, Accounts and Audit
2. Powers and Duties of, and Restriction on Trustees
3. Control of Public Trusts - Powers and Functions of Charity Commissioner
4. Other Functions and Powers of Charity Commissioner
Module 06 Special Provisions under the Act :
1. Special Provision as Respects Religious and Charitable Institutions and Endowments
2. Public Trusts Administration Fund
3. Offences and Penalties
4. Function of Charity Commissioner, Procedure, Jurisdiction and Appeals
Part III Principles of Equity :
Module 07 Development and Maxims of Equity :
1. Concept of Common Law and Common Law Courts
2. Concept and Definition of Equity
3. Origin and Development of Equity
4. Fusion of Common Law and Equity
5. Recognition of Equity under Indian Legal System - Overview
6. Maxims of Equity -
a) Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy
b) Equity follows the law
c) He who seeks equity must do equity
d) He who comes to equity must come with clean hands
e) Delay defects equity
f) Equality is equity
g) Equity looks upon that as done which ought to have been done
h) Equity looks to the intent rather to the form
i) Equity imputes an intention to fulfill an obligation
j) Equity acts in personam
k) Where the equities are equal the first in time shall prevail
l) Where there is equal equity, the law shall prevail
Recommended Readings :
1. S. Krishnamurthy Aiyar and Harbans Lal Swin, Principles and Digest of Trusts Laws (1998), University Book Agency, Allahabad.
2. R.E. Megarry and P.V. Baker, Snell's principles of Equity (1964) ELBS, Sneet and Maxwell.
3. Iyer N., Indian Trust Act (1997), Delhi Law House, New Delhi.
4. Rajarathnam, Natarajan and Thankaraj, Commentary on Charitable Trusts and Religious Institutions (2000) Universal, Delhi.
5. Rao. C.R, The Indian Trust Act and Allied Laws, Puliani and Puliani Booksellers, Bangalore (1999).
6. Rangacharya I V, The Indian Trusts Act, Madras Law Journal Office (1972).
7. B.M. Gandhi - Equity, Trusts and Specific Relief (Eastern Book Company, Lucknow)
8. Aggarwal O P, The Indian Trusts Act.
9. Tandon M P, The Indian Trusts Act, Allahabad Law Agency.
10. Chaudhari D H, The Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950.
11. Shah K N, The Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950.
12. Apte M S, The Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950.
13. Gupte and Dighe - The Bombay Public Trust Act (Hind Law House Pune).
14. Philip H. Pettit, Equity and Law of Trust, Oxford University (2012).
15. Ahmad Aquil, Equity, Trusts and Specific Relief, Central Law Agency.
16. Basu Durga Das, Equity, Trusts and Specific Relief, Kamal Law House, 1996.
Friday, 18 February 2022
Syllabus LO 0505 Health and Food Law
Optional Subject 1
LO 0505 Health and Food Law :
Objectives of the Course : The objectives of the course are : (1) To enable the students to acquire knowledge of constitutional protections with respect to health; (2) To impart knowledge to the students of basic laws relating to protection of health; (3) To impart knowledge about need and nature of right to food and nutrition in India; (4) To expose students to need and nature of programme on food safety and standards in India; (5) To expose students to need and nature of programme of national food security in India; (6) To enable the students to acquire sound knowledge of health and food regulatory mechanism in India.
Module 01 Introduction :
1. Concept and Importance of Health
2. Public Health in India - Ancient, medieval and modern perspectives
3. Human Rights Perspectives of Health - an Overview
Module 02 Health and Constitutional Protections :
1. Fundamental Rights - Right to Health, Right to Decent Environment, Right to Shelter, Reproductive Rights of Women
2. Directive Principles of State Policy and Health
Module 03 Health and Legal Protection - Relevant Provisions under following Laws :
1. The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994
2. The Factories Act, 1948
3. Law on Mental Health
4. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
5. The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods Act, 1992
6. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994
7. The Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Chapter XIV (Sections 269 to 278)
Module 04 Right to Food and Nutrition in India :
1. Fundamental Rights - Right to Food and Nutrition
2. Directive Principle of State Policy on Food and Nutrition
3. Human Rights Perspectives of Food and Nutrition - an Overview
Module 05 The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 :
1. Need, Objects and Basic Concepts
2. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
3. General Principles of Food Safety
4. General Provisions as to Articles of Food
5. Provisions Relating to Import
6. Enforcement of the Act
7. Analysis of Food
8. Offences and Penalties
9. Adjudication and Food Safety Appellate Tribunal
Module 06 The National Food Security Act, 2013 :
1. Need, Objects and Basic Concepts
2. Provisions for Food Security and Food Security Allowance
3. Identification of Eligible Households
4. Reforms in Targeted Public Distribution System.
5. Women Empowerment
6. Grievance Redressal Mechanism
7. Obligations of Central Government for Food Security
8. Obligations of State Government for Food Security
9. Obligations of Local Authorities
10. Transparency and Accountability
11. Provisions for Advancing Food Security
Recommended Readings :
1. R.K. Nayak (ed.), The Indian Law Institute, Global Health Law, (1998), World Health Organization, Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi.
2. Pragya Kumar and Virendra Kumar, Health as a Fundamental Human Right, in Dilemmas in Health Policy, at C-1 C-8 (1986).
3. M.L. Bhargava, Law of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, Kamal Publishers; 2017.
4. Kiron Prabhakar, A Practical Guide to Food Laws and Regulations, Bloomsbury India, September 2016.
5. Bhatnagar, Food Laws in India, Ashoka Law House, 2011.
6. R.K. Gupta (Eds.), Food Safety in 21stCentury – Public health Perspectives, Academic Press, 2016.
7. Law Commission of India, Report No. 264, On the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2017 (Provisions dealing with Food Adulteration), January, 2017.
8. Food Security and Right to Food : S. Mahendrs Dass, K.P. Khanna, 2003, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi.
9. George Ken, Human Right to Food and Dignity.
10. “Right to Food Act : Beyond Cheap Promises" Economic and Political Weekly, July 18, Vol.42, No.29.
11. R. Radhakrishna, in K. Parikh, Food and Nutrition Security, India Development Report 2002, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Thursday, 17 February 2022
Syllabus LC 0504 Law of Crimes
LC 0504 Law of Crimes :
Objectives of the Course : Crime and Punishment has always been the most important aspect of Rule of Law. A proper understanding of crimes, methods of controlling them and the reasons for their existence is extremely important to build a just and humane society. This course is designed with a prime object to familiarize students with the principles of criminal liability and other concepts of substantive criminal law along with relevant case laws. It is also meant to enable them to articulate informed opinion over important controversial issues in criminal law.
Module 01 Nature of Crime and Criminal Liability :
1. Historical Development of Indian Penal Code, 1860
2. Nature of Crime, Definition of Crime in social and legal context, Distinction between Moral, Civil and Criminal wrongs, Aim and Function of the Criminal law
3. Criminal Liability Principles - Actus non facitreum, nisi mens sit rea, Origin and development of mens rea, Liability without mens rea, mens rea in Indian Penal Code. Facets of mens rea - Motive, Knowledge, Intention, Recklessness and Negligence, Malice
4. Elements of Crime - Human Conduct, Voluntary act, Guilty intention, Causal Connection, Prohibited Result
Module 02 General Principles of Criminal Law :
1. Nullapoena sine lege, nullumcrimen sine lege
2. Principles of mala in se, mala prohibita, Joint liability, Vicarious liability, Strict liability and Absolute liability
3. Stages in Commission of Crime, Intention - mere intention not punishable,
Preparation, Attempt -Attempt when punishable, specific provisions of IPC, Tests for determining what constitute attempt, proximity, equivocality and social danger test, Impossible attempt, Commission of offence
Module 03 Introduction to Substantive Criminal Law :
1. Jurisdiction under Indian Penal Code, 1960
2. General Explanations - Movable Property, Wrongful Loss and Wrongful gain, Dishonestly, Fraudulently, Common Intention, Common Object, Voluntarily, Good faith, Criminal Conspiracy
Module 04 General Defenses :
1. Excusable: (Mental Incapacity) Minority (Infancy), Involuntary Intoxication and Insanity as a Defense
2. Justifiable: Necessity, Mistake of Fact, Acts done with Consent, Accident, Judicial acts, Triviality
3. Right of Private Defense of Body and Property - Justifications and Limits
Module 05 Offences against State, Public Tranquility, Administration of Justice, Etc. :
1. Meaning of Abetment, Abetment when punishable? Liability of Abettor, Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
2. Waging war, Sedition, Conspiracy to Waging war
3. Unlawful Assembly, Rioting, Affray, Promoting enmity between different groups, Imputations/assertions prejudicial to national integration
Module 06 Offences against Human Body :
1. Culpable Homicide, Murder, Ingredients, Exceptions and Distinction between Culpable Homicide and Murder, when culpable homicide is murder?
2. Attempt to commit Culpable Homicide, Attempt to Murder
3. Causing Death by Negligence, Causing Death with the consent of the deceased – Euthanasia and its Constitutionality
4. Suicide – abetment and attempt, its Constitutional validity
5. Hurt, Voluntarily causing hurt, etc.; Grievous Hurt, Voluntarily causing grievous hurt, etc., Wrongful Restraint, Wrongful Confinement
6. Criminal Force, Assault, Kidnapping and Abduction, distinction between them
Module 07 Offences relating to Woman :
1. Cruelty against Woman, Dowry death, Causing Miscarriage, Acid Attack
2. Outraging Modesty of woman, Sexual Harassment, Voyeurism, Stalking
3. Rape – its ingredients, developments in Rape law along with relevant judicial decisions, Unnatural offences
4. Deceitful Cohabitation, Bigamy, Mock Marriages, Adultery
Module 08 Offences against Property and Person, Etc. :
1. Theft, Extortion, Robbery and Dacoity, distinction between them, forms of Robbery and Dacoity
2. Criminal Misappropriation, Criminal Breach of Trust, Stolen property, Cheating, Mischief, Criminal Trespass, House Trespass, Lurking House Trespass, House Breaking, House Breaking by Night
3. Defamation, Criminal Intimidation and Insult
4. Forgery and Making of False document, Falsification of accounts
Recommended Readings :
1. M.C. Setelvad, Common Law in India (Chapter III, Criminal Law, p. 124-176), Stevens.
2. Stephen, A History of Criminal Law of England, Vol. III (Last Chapter on Indian Penal Code), London, Macmillan.
3. Principles of Criminal Law by R C Nigam, Law of Crimes in India, Vol. I, Asia Publishing House, New York.
4. Glanville Williams, Criminal Law, Universal Law Publishing.
5. J.W. Cecil Turner, Kenny’s Outlines of Criminal Law, Universal Law Publishing.
6. Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law, Oxford University Press.
7. Andrew Ashworth Principles of Criminal Law, Clarendon Law Series.
8. S.K. Savaria, R. A. Nelson’s Indian Penal Code (4 Volumes), LexisNexis Delhi.
9. Hari Singh Gaur, Penal Law of India (4 volumes), EBC.
10. PSA Pillai's Criminal Law, 13th Ed. Revised by K.I. Vibhute, LexisNexis, New Delhi.
11. J.D. Mayne, Indian Penal Code (Ed. II 1901, p.242-249).
12. K.N. Chndranshekhar Pillai, Essay’s on Indian Penal Code, Indian Law Institute.
13. R.C. Srivastava, Law Relating to Crime and Punishment, Manav Law House, Allahabad.
14. K.D. Gaur, A Text Book on Indian Penal Code Universal Law Publishing.
15. K.D. Gaur, Criminal Law Cases and Material, Buttersworth.
16. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code, Wadhwa and Company, Nagpur.
Wednesday, 16 February 2022
Syllabus LC 0503 Law of Contract I
LC 0503 Law of Contract I :
Objectives of the Course : Individuals, organisations, institutions, governments make countless contracts for effecting their transactions. They enjoy considerable freedom in devising the terms of their transactions, which they will decide through negotiations. The general principles that affect these contracts, and that allow their enforcement in case of breach, are given in Sections 1 – 75 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (ICA). Contract remedies are also provided in the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (SRA). These two laws form the main course for this subject.
This course is designed to acquaint a student with the general conceptual and practical principles of contract, rules for formation of contract, performance, and enforcement of contract remedies.
Below are Short Notes
Module 01 Introduction to Contract Law :
1. The nature of contractual obligations
2. Introduction to certain types of contracts and discussion about their parties, parties’ relative position, terms, remedies : for example: Bank loan, Purchase of goods, Construction or works contract, Warehousing contract, Guarantee, Sale of vehicle, Engaging cleaning or canteen services, Hiring a bank locker, Terms of use of online sale platform, Confidentiality agreement, Agreement for purchase land for a factory, etc.
3. Enforcement - Primary purpose of contract law
4. Introduction to the rules of interpretation of contracts
Module 02 Formation of Contract :
1. Agreement and Contract
2. Proposal and Acceptance
a) Proposal - essential elements, forms, invitations for proposals and tenders, communication of proposal, floating offers, options
b) Acceptance - essential elements, forms, the requirement of communication, silence as acceptance
c) Revocation of proposal and acceptance
d) E-contracts with reference to provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000
3. Express and implied terms, express and implied contracts
4. Standard form contracts - their advantages and vices, and strategies to handle the vices
5. Formalities - writing, signatures, attestation, registration, notarisation, stamp duty. Formalities of a contract with the government - Article 299 of the Constitution of India
Module 03 Competency of Parties - Sections 10 – 12 of ICA :
1. Age of majority under the Indian Majority Act 1875, contracts with minors, effect of contracting with a minor, the purpose of the law, liability for supply of necessaries: Section 68 of ICA
2. Soundness of mind for the purpose of making contracts, effect of unsoundness of mind on the contract
3. Legal disqualification – examples: Section 75 of the Patents Act, 1970, Section 75 of the Indian Forests Act, 1927, Section 130 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882
4. Competency of prisoners in jail, married women, aliens, insolvents
5. Competency of companies, statutory bodies, central and state governments
Module 04 Free Consent - Sections 13 to 22, 64, 65, 67 of ICA :
1. Consent and free consent
2. Coercion and its effect on the contract : Sections 15 and 19 of Indian Contract Act, 1872
3. Undue Influence and its effect on the contract, pardanashin women unconscionable bargains : Sections 16 and 19A of Indian Contract Act, 1872
4. Misrepresentation and its effect on the contract : Sections 18 and 19 of Indian Contract Act, 1872
5. Fraud and its effect on the contract: Sections 17 and 19 of Indian Contract Act, 1872
6. Mistake, mutual and common mistake, unilateral mistake, mistake of law and fact, effect on the contract : sections 20 - 22 of ICA, Section 26 of SRA
7. Remedies available to the party whose consent is not free : rescission, restoration - Sections 19, 19A, 67, 64, 65 of ICA, Loss of right of rescission - Sections 25 and 28 of SRA
Module 05 Consideration - Sections 2(d) and 25of ICA :
1. Definitions, meaning and importance, essential elements
2. Act, forbearance and promise
3. Present, past and future consideration
4. Adequacy of consideration and effect of inadequacy
5. No consideration, no contract, and exceptions to the rule
6. Doctrine of privity and exceptions
Module 06 Void Agreements - Sections 23 – 30 of ICA :
1. Unlawful agreements, circumstances in which agreements enforced even if unlawful: Sections 23-24, 57-58 of ICA, Section 27 of SRA
2. Void agreements : Restraint of marriage, trade and legal proceedings, uncertain agreements, wagers : Sections 26 - 30 of ICA
3. Effect of void and of unlawful agreements
Module 07 Contingent Contracts and Quasi-Contracts :
1. Contingent contracts and their enforcement - Sections 31 – 36 of ICA :
a) Definition of contingent contract, contingent and absolute obligations
b) Effect of non-happening of event
c) Enforcement of contingent contracts
2. Quasi-contracts - Sections 68-71, 73(Para 3) of ICA :
a) Five kinds of quasi-contracts stated in the Act
b) Doctrine of restitution
c) Effect of breach of quasi-contractual obligation
Module 08 Performance of Contract :
1. Obligation to perform or offer to perform; who must perform, effect of death, personal contracts, rights and liabilities under a contract: Sections 37-41 of ICA
2. Doctrine of privity, and exceptions to the doctrine
3. Joint rights and liabilities: Sections 42-45 of ICA
4. Time of performance, right to terminate if time is of essence: Sections 46-50, 55 of ICA
5. Liability to pay interest for delay: under contract terms, under the Interest Act 1978
6. Place of performance: Sections 47-50 of ICA
7. Reciprocal promises, effect of non-performance of one of reciprocal promises; unilateral and bilateral promises: Sections 51 - 54 of ICA
8. Appropriation of payments: Sections 59-61 of ICA
Module 09 Discharge of a Contract :
1. By performance; by offer of performance: Sections 38 of the ICA
2. By non-performance by one party: 54 of ICA
3. By breach and rescission : Sections 39, 53, 55 of ICA; anticipatory breach: Section 39 of ICA
4. Doctrine of impossibility and effect : Section 56 of ICA
5. By agreement : novation, alteration and rescission: Section 62 of ICA
6. By act of promisee : dispensing, remission and waiver, extension of time, accord and satisfaction : Section 63 of ICA
7. Termination or discharge under contract provisions
Module 10 Contract Remedies :
1. Remedies under contract law through court or arbitration :
a) Compensation (damages) Section 73-74 of ICA:
- General and special, substantial and nominal, aggravated and punitive, liquidated and unliquidated
- Causation
- Contemplation and Remoteness
- Duty of mitigation
- Assessment
b) Claim for the agreed sum: viz. suit for price, return of loan amount
c) Claim in quantum meruit
2. Remedies of Specific Relief through court or arbitration under SRA :
a) Specific performance :
- Cases in which it can and cannot be granted- Sections 10 and 14 of SRA
- Personal bars to relief - Section 16 of SRA
- Discretionary relief - Section 20 of SRA
- Who can claim specific performance - Section 15 of SRA
- Against whom can specific performance be claimed - Section 19 of SRA
- Claim for compensation and other reliefs in a suit for specific performance
- Sections 21–24, 29 of SRA
- Defences in suits of specific performance - Section 9 of SRA
- Rescission of a contract of which specific performance has been decreed
- Section 28 of SRA
b) Injunctions in suits relating to contract : - Discretionary relief - Section 36 of SRA
- Kinds - Temporary and perpetual, prohibitory and mandatory: Section 3637, 39 of SRA
- When can injunction be granted? - Section 38(1) and (2) of the SRA
- When will injunction not be granted? - Section 41 clauses (a), (b), (e), (g), (i), (j) of SRA
- Injunction to enforce negative covenants - Section 42 of SRA - Claim for compensation in a suit for injunction. - Section 40 of SRA c) Rescission - Sections 27, 30 of SRA
d) Rectification of instruments - Section 26 of SRA
e) Cancellation of instruments - Sections 31, 33 of SRA
Recommended Readings :
1. Avtar Singh, Law of Contract and Specific Relief, 12th ed, 2017, Eastern Book Company.
2. V Kesava Rao, Contract I: Cases and Materials, 2nd ed, 2014, LexisNexis.
3. Ritu Gupta, Law of Contract – includes the Specific Relief Act 1963, 2015, LexisNexis.
4. Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, Anirudh Wadhwa ed., 15th ed., 2015, LexisNexis.
5. M. Krishnan Nair, Law of Contracts, 1998.
6. Garima Tiwari, Understanding Laws – Contracts, 2014, LexisNexis.
7. Anson's Law of Contract, Beatsen and Burrows ed. 29th ed., 2010, Oxford University Press.
8. G.H. Treitel, Outline of Law of Contract, 6th rev ed, 2005, Oxford University Press.
9. Atiyah’s Introduction to the Law of Contract, Stephen Smith ed., 2nd ed, 1997 Oxford University Press.
10. Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston’s Law of Contract, Michael Furmston ed., 16th ed, 2012, Oxford University Press.
11. Pollock and Mulla’s Indian Contract Act, Nilima Bhadbhade ed., 14th updated edition, 2014, LexisNexis.
12. Nilima Bhadbhade, Contract Law of India, 2nd ed 2009, Kluwer, available free on google books.
13. Pollock and Mulla’s Specific Relief Act, Nilima Bhadbhade ed., 14th updated edition, 2014, LexisNexis.
14. Nilima Bhadbhade, Specific Performance of Contracts: the Tests of Inadequacy and Effective Enforcement, 2014, LexisNexis.
15. S C Banerjee, Law of Specific Relief: Tagore Law Lectures, 13th ed, 2015, LexisNexis.
16. Sarkar on Specific Relief, Sudipto Sarkar and R Yasho Vardhan eds, 17th ed, 2016, LexisNexis.
17. R K Singh, Law Relating to Electronic Contracts, 2nd ed, 2015, LexisNexis.
18. Sachin Rastogi, Insights into E-Contracts in India, 2013, LexisNexis.
19. Robert Cooter and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics, 6th edition 2016, available for free download at <http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/books>, Chapters 1 and 9.
20. Shubhashis Gangopadhyay and V Shantakumar, Law and Economics Vol I and II, 2013, Sage Publications, Chapter 5.
Syllabus LC 0502 Family Law I
Syllabus LC 0502 Family Law I
Objectives of the Course : The personal law applicable to Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis and other denominations is not fully codified. While these personal laws are similar in their essential broad underlying principles, they are much different in their details. Personal law is applicable not only to aspects of family relations, viz. marriage and divorce, support and maintenance, children and their custody and guardianship, adoption and the like, but also to law relating to property, viz. joint family systems, devolution to property upon death of a person. The differences in the provisions applicable to different denominations arise from the history and growth of these laws over centuries.
This course covers the history and development of the principles and provisions of different personal laws, and the sources from which these laws are derived. It primarily comprises the laws applicable to family relations: marriage and divorce, maintenance, alimony, adoption and guardianship. It also lays emphasis on the general law applicable to all persons: the Special Marriage Act, 1963 and the Foreign Marriages Act, 1969. The course familiarises the students to the differences in the various systems, and to understand the reasons, merits and demerits of the various provisions. Study of this subject should enable the students to view family law not merely as a separate system of personal laws based upon religious beliefs, but as one cutting across religious lines, eventually enabling fulfillment of the Constitutional directive of Uniform Civil Code.
Module 01 Introduction to Hindu and Muslim Law :
1. Nature of Hindu law, Application of Hindu law
2. Sources of Hindu law - Ancient to Modern
3. Schools of Hindu law
4. Development and nature of Muslim law, Application of Muslim law
5. Sources of Muslim law
6. Schools of Muslim law
Module 02 Marriage and Matrimonial Reliefs under Hindu law :
1. Evolution and concept of the institution of marriage, nature and forms of marriage under ancient Hindu law
2. Essentials of a valid marriage under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; ceremonies of marriage; valid, void and voidable marriages; importance of custom; marriage with a non-Hindu; registration of marriage; effect on legitimacy of children
3. Divorce, theories of divorce, grounds of divorce, customary divorce, effect of divorce, emerging trends; Bar to remarriage after a divorce
4. Other matrimonial reliefs: Nullity of marriage; Judicial separation; Repudiation of marriage; Restitution of conjugal rights; Other reliefs granted by a court in matrimonial proceedings (other than maintenance); Bar to matrimonial reliefs
5. Jurisdiction of courts: under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Family Courts Act, 1984
Module 03 Marriage and Matrimonial Reliefs under Muslim law :
1. Muslim marriage : pre-Qura’nic background, definition of nikah, nature and classification of marriages
2. Essentials and formalities of a valid marriage, legal effects of a valid marriage, mut’a marriage, stipulation in marriage contract; guardianship in marriage with reference to Shias and Sunnis
3. Mehr / dower, nature and kinds of dower, rights of wife in case of unpaid dower
4. Nullity of marriage; restitution of conjugal rights; option of puberty (khairul- bulugh)
5. Talaq, kinds of talaq, divorce under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939
6. Remarriage; iddat : its rationale, utility and periods; prohibition to marry in certain cases
Module 04 Marriage and Matrimonial Reliefs among Parsis, Christians and under
the Special Marriage Act, 1954 :
1. Marriage under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936: Essentials of a valid marriage; Solemnization of marriage and its registration; Dissolution
of marriage, divorce, nullity, judicial separation, restitution of conjugal rights; Remarriage; Parsi Matrimonial Courts and procedures
2. Marriage under the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872; Essentials of a valid marriage; Solemnization of marriage and its registration; Marriage of Indian Christians; Provisions under the Indian Divorce Act, 1869: relating to dissolution of marriage, judicial separation, nullity, restitution of conjugal rights; Remarriage; Jurisdiction of courts and procedures
3. Marriage under the Special Marriage Act, 1954: Essentials of a valid marriage, Solemnisation of marriage and procedure, its registration and certificate; Registration of existing marriages, procedure and registration; Effect and consequences of such marriages; Void and voidable marriages; Remedies of divorce, judicial separation, restitution of conjugal rights; Remarriage; Jurisdiction of courts and procedures
4. Marriages of citizens outside India under the Foreign Marriages Act, 1969 : Essentials, Solemnisation of marriage, procedure and certificate, Effect of such marriage, Divorce of foreign marriages
5. Comparative analysis of marriage and matrimonial reliefs in different laws.
6. Relationship in the nature of marriage : live-in relationship, same-sex relationships
Module 05 Alimony and Maintenance :
1. Maintenance pendent lite and permanent maintenance; Maintenance of wives, children and parents under the Hindu law, Muslim law, Christian law and Parsi law; Maintenance in matrimonial proceedings under these laws
2. Alimony and maintenance under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
Module 06 Law on Adoption and Guardianship :
1. Adoption: Essentials of valid adoption with reference to the person adopted, the person adopting and other conditions; Procedure; When adoption is complete; Effect of adoption; Right of adoptive parents to dispose of their property
2. Inter-country adoption, CARA guidelines; Recognition of foreign adoptions; Adoption by foreign parents
3. Guardianship under the Hindu and Muslim law, and under the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890: Kinds of Guardians; Procedure for appointment of a guardian; Guardian’s powers over the person and property of children; Rights, obligations, duties;, liabilities, disqualifications and disabilities of guardians
4. Powers of Court
5. Custody of Minor and Minor’s property; Powers of courts in matrimonial proceedings to pass orders about custody and well-being of children
Recommended Readings:
1. Kusum, Family Law Lectures : Family Law I, LexisNexis, New Delhi.
2. Satyajeet A Desai, Mulla’s, Hindu Law, LexisNexis, New Delhi.
3. Justice Ranganath Mishra, Mayne’s Hindu Law and Usage, Bharat Law House, New Delhi.
4. H. K. Saharay, Family Law in India, Eastern Law House, New Delhi.
5. Flavia Agnis, Family Law Vol I and II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
6. Tahir Mahmood, Principles of Hindu Law, Universal Law Publishing, New Delhi.
7. Mulla, Principles of Mohammedan Law, LexisNexis, Nagpur.
8. Asaf A A Fyzee, Outline of Muhammadon Law, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
9. Amer Ali, Mohammedan Law, Vol. I and II, Eastern Book Company.
10. Bharatiya V P, Sayyad Khalid Rashid’s Muslim Law, Eastern Book Company, Luknow.
11. Derrett, Introduction to Modern Hindu Law, Universal.
Tuesday, 15 February 2022
Syllabus : LC 0501 Legal and Constitutional History
Syllabus : LC 0501 Legal and Constitutional History
3. Organisational setup of the English Company’s Factories or settlements in India
Module 02 Mayor’s Courts and the Courts of Requests :
1. Early Mayor’s Court in Madras2. Provisions of the Charter of 17263. Consequences of the Charter of 17264. Critical estimate of the working of the Mayor’s Court from 1726 to 17535. The Charter of 1753: Reforms introduced6. Criticism of the Charter7. Abolition of the Mayor’s Court8. Appraisal of the Mayor’s Court under the Charter of 1726 and 17539. The Courts of Request (Small Cause Courts
1. Courts in Bengal under the Mughals2. Dual Government in Bengal and its consequences5. Defect of the Plan8. Defects of the reorganization Plan9. Reforms of 1781: Initiative of Impey and Warren Hastings10. Reforms in the Administration of Criminal Justice
1. Circumstances prior to the Act of 17732. Salient features of the Regulating Act, 17733. Legislative power under the Act, 17734. Charter of 1774 and the Supreme Court of Clacutta5. Critical estimate of the Provisions of the Regulating Act, 1773 and the Charter of 177411. Major defects of the Settlement Act, 178112. Supreme Court at Calcutta13. Supreme Court at Madras and Bombay14. Laws administered in the Supreme Court
1. Company’s Government before Cornwallis2. Important provisions of the Pitt’s Act, 17843. Judicial reform of Cornwallisa) Judicial Plan of 1787b) Re-organisation of the Criminal Judicaturec) Scheme of Criminal Judicature, 17904. Judicial Plan of 17935. Appraisal of the System of 1793
1. The Indian High Courts Act, 18612. Letters patent establishing High Courts3. The Indian High Courts Act, 1865 and of 19114. The Government of India Act, 19155. The Government of India Act, 19356. High Courts established during 1947 to 1950
1. The Origin of Privy Council2. Appeal to the Privy Council (1726-1860)3. Appeal to the Privy Council (1861-1949)4. Precedential value of the Privy Council decisions
Module 08 Federal Court of India :
1. Foundation of the Federal Court2. Jurisdiction of the Federal Courta) Original Jurisdictionb) Appellate Jurisdictionc) Advisory Jurisdiction3. Authority of law laid down by Federal Court4. Abolition of Federal Court
1. Process of Codification in India -
(b) The First Law Commission,
(c) The Second Law Commission,
(d) The Third Law Commission, and
(e) The Fourth Law Commission
2. Land Laws
3. Legislation and Hindu Society -
The Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850
Case 1. Charlotte Abraham v. Francis Abraham, (1861-1864) 9 MIA 199 (PC)Case 2. Miter Sen Singh v. Maqbul Hasan Khan, (1929-1930) 57 IA 313
4. The Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856 -
Case 1. Bhagwandeen Doobey v. Myna Baee, (1866-1867) 11 MIA 487Case 2. Debi Mangal Prasad Singh v. Mahadeo Prasad Singh, (1911-1912) 39 IA 121Case 3. Venayeck Arundrow v. Luxumeebaee, (1861-1864) 9 MIA 520
5. Restitution of Conjugal Rights -
Muslim Law and restitution of conjugal rights
Case 1. Mooshee Buzloor Ruheem v. Shumsoonnissa Begum, (1866-1867) 11 IA 551
Parsi Law and retitution of conjugal rights
Case 1. Ardaseer Cursetjee v. Perozeboye, (1854-1857) 6 MIA 348
Hindu Law and restitution of conjugal rights
Case1. Dadaji Bhikaji v. Rukmabai, ILA (1885-1886) 10 Bom 301
6. Justice Equity and Good Conscience -
Case 1. Manzur Hasan v. Muhammad Zaman, (1924- 1925) 52 IA 61Case 2. Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Khan v. Nawab Husaini Begam, (19091910) 37 IA 152
Case 3. Gopeekrist Gosain v. Gungapersaud Gosain, (1854-1857) 6 MIA 53
Case 4. Gokul Chand v. Hukum Chand Nath Mal, (1920-1921) 48 IA 162
1. Morley-Minto Reforms and the Indian Council Act, 19092. Montagu-Chelmsford Report and the Government of India Act, 1919a. Main features of the system introduced by the Act of 1919b. Shortcomings of the Act of 19193. The Simon Commission Report4. The Nehru Report, 19285. Communal Award and Poona Pact6. The Civil Disobedience Movement7. The Government of India Act, 1935a. Main features of the Government of India Act, 1935b. Opposition to the Government of India Act, 1935c. Defects of the Government of India Act, 1935
Recommended Readings :
1. M.P. Jain, Outline of Indian Legal and Constitutional History, LexisNexis (2014).
2. Sumeet Malik, V.D. Kulshreshths’s Landmarks in Indian Legal and Constitutional History, Eastern Book Company (2012).
3. Nilakshi Jatar and Laxmi Paranjape, Legal History- Evolution of the Indian Legal System, Eastern Book Company, (2012).
4. Rama Jois, Legal and Constitutional History of India, Universal Law Publishing, (2016)
5. S.B. Shiva Rao, The Framing of the Indian Constitution, Vols. I and V, the Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi (1966).
6. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution - Cornerstone of a Nation, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi,( 2002).
7. E.J. Rapson, Cambridge, History of India, 1992, (Vol. I - VI).